Merge pull request 'fix: rewrite citation formatters — Bluebook, APA, JAMA' (#308) from feat/csl-citation-format into main

src/aco/express/cclf.py

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def stg_beneficiary_xref(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 3.1 "Matching MBIs" (p.14):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §3.1 p.14` — Matching MBIs:
 
       "A beneficiary's MBI is unique to that beneficiary but may change
       over time. CCLFs 1 through 9, A, and B, as they are provided each
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def stg_beneficiary_xref(
       can be used each month to cross reference records associated with the
       current MBI to records associated with previous MBIs."
 
-    CCLF IP Section 5.1.1 "Creation of the Most Recent MBI field" (p.19):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.1.1 p.19` — Creation of the Most Recent MBI field:
 
       "The beneficiary XREF file (CCLF9) contains a complete history of
       MBIs ever used to identify a beneficiary, for beneficiaries who have
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ def stg_institutional_header(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.2.1 "Part A Claims Header File" (p.8-9):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.2.1 p.8-9` — Part A Claims Header File:
 
       "The Part A Claims Header File (CCLF1) contains header-level claim
       information for institutional services covered by Part A and some
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def stg_institutional_header(
     MBI resolution: BENE_MBI_ID is joined to CCLF9._stg_beneficiary_xref
     on PRVS_NUM to resolve to CURRENT_BENE_MBI_ID via COALESCE.
 
-    CCLF IP Section 5.3.1 "Calculating Total Part A and B Expenditures" (p.23):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.3.1 p.23` — Calculating Total Part A and B Expenditures:
 
       "Identify the canceled claims in the Part A Header file. These claims
       are identified by CLM_ADJSMT_TYPE_CD=1. Change the sign of the
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ def int_institutional_header_adr(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 4.4 "Debit/Credit Method" (p.19):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §4.4 p.19` — Debit/Credit Method:
 
       "The Debit/Credit method gives a full account/history of claims
       processed over time. The variable CLM_ADJSMT_TYPE_CD identifies:
@@ -187,12 +187,12 @@ def int_institutional_header_adr(
         1 = Cancellation Claim
         2 = Adjustment Claim (adjustment to an original claim)"
 
-    CCLF IP Section 5.1.2 "Natural Key for Part A" (p.20):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.1.2 p.20` — Natural Key for Part A:
 
       Part A natural key: CLM_BLG_PRVDR_OSCAR_NUM, CLM_FROM_DT,
       CLM_THRU_DT, Most Recent MBI (MR_MBI).
 
-    CCLF IP Section 5.2.1 "Related Claims in Part A Header File" (p.21-22):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.2.1 p.21-22` — Related Claims in Part A Header File:
 
       "This group of claims consists of records that are all related to one
       another — they all involve a claim for services provided to a
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ def stg_revenue_center(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.2.2 "Part A Claim Revenue Center Detail File" (p.9):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.2.2 p.9` — Part A Claim Revenue Center Detail File:
 
       "The Part A Claims Revenue Center Detail File (CCLF2) contains
       line-item level detail for each claim from the Part A Claims Header
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def stg_revenue_center(
       service was received, and for outpatient claims the payment amount
       and allowed charge amount for individual services."
 
-    CCLF IP Section 3.5 "Part A Header vs Revenue Center Expenditures" (p.16):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §3.5 p.16` — Part A Header vs Revenue Center Expenditures:
 
       "Both the Part A Header file (CCLF1) and the Part A Revenue Center
       file (CCLF2) contain a payment field (CLM_PMT_AMT and
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ def int_diagnosis_pivot(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.2.4 "Part A Diagnosis Code File" (p.9):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.2.4 p.9` — Part A Diagnosis Code File:
 
       "The Part A Diagnosis Code File (CCLF4) contains the diagnosis code
       for the principal diagnosis as well as all secondary diagnoses that
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ def int_procedure_pivot(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.2.3 "Part A Procedure Code File" (p.9):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.2.3 p.9` — Part A Procedure Code File:
 
       "The Part A Procedure Code File (CCLF3) contains detailed information
       regarding claims from the Part A Claims Header File, such as the type
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ def int_institutional_medical_claim(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.2 "Part A Claims Data" (p.8):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.2 p.8` — Part A Claims Data:
 
       "Part A claim data files contain claims submitted by facilities such
       as hospitals, SNFs, HHAs, rehabilitation facilities, and dialysis
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ def stg_physician_claim(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.2.6 "Part B Physician File" (p.10):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.2.6 p.10` — Part B Physician File:
 
       "The Part B Physician File (CCLF5) consists of claim-line records but
       includes both claim-level and line-level information. At the claim
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ def stg_physician_claim(
       amount, allowed charge amount, line-level diagnosis code, units of
       service, primary payer, provider TIN, and rendering NPI number."
 
-    CCLF IP Section 5.3.1 (p.23):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.3.1 p.23` — Section 5.3.1:
 
       "Identify all the canceled records (line items) in the Part B
       Physician file. The canceled line items are identified by
@@ -603,16 +603,16 @@ def int_physician_claim_adr(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 5.1.2 "Natural Key for Part B Physician/DME" (p.20):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.1.2 p.20` — Natural Key for Part B Physician/DME:
 
       Part B natural key: CLM_CNTL_NUM, Most Recent MBI (MR_MBI).
 
-    CCLF IP Section 5.2.2 "Related Claims in the Part B Physician File" (p.22):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.2.2 p.22` — Related Claims in the Part B Physician File:
 
       "In the Part B Physician File, you will find original claims,
       cancellation claims, and adjustment claims."
 
-    CCLF IP Section 3.2 "Dropping Denied Claims" (p.15):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §3.2 p.15` — Dropping Denied Claims:
 
       "For Part B Physician/DME claims, some individual line-items can be
       denied, whereas other line-items are not denied. Part B claims need
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ def int_physician_medical_claim(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.2.6 "Part B Physician File" (p.10):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.2.6 p.10` — Part B Physician File:
 
       CCLF5 contains both claim-level and line-level data in a single
       file. Unlike Part A (which has separate header/line/dx/px files),
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ def stg_dme_claim(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.2.7 "Part B DME File" (p.10):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.2.7 p.10` — Part B DME File:
 
       "The Part B DME File (CCLF6) consists of claim-line records but
       includes both claim-level and line-level information. Claim-level
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ def stg_dme_claim(
       amount, ordering NPI number, and 'paid to' NPI number."
 
     Cancellation adjustment applied to CLM_LINE_CVRD_PD_AMT and
-    CLM_LINE_ALOWD_CHRG_AMT per IP Section 5.3.1.
+    CLM_LINE_ALOWD_CHRG_AMT per :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.3.1` —
     """
     xref = cclf___stg_beneficiary_xref
     return cclf__cclf6.join(
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@ def int_dme_claim_adr(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 5.2.3 "Related Claims in the Part B DME File" (p.23):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.2.3 p.23` — Related Claims in the Part B DME File:
 
       "In the Part B DME File, you will find original claims, cancellation
       claims, and adjustment claims. A variety of related claims are found
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ def int_dme_medical_claim(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.2.7 "Part B DME File" (p.10):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.2.7 p.10` — Part B DME File:
 
     Key field mappings from CCLF6 (IP Table 19):
       - CUR_CLM_UNIQ_ID -> claim_id
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ def medical_claim(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.2 "Part A Claims Data" + Section 2.2.6-2.2.7 (p.8-10):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.2 p.8-10` — Part A Claims Data:
 
       The three claim types are combined into a single medical_claim table:
 
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ def medical_claim(
       - Professional/DME (CCLF6): Durable Medical Equipment, Prosthetics,
         Orthotics, and Supplies. claim_type = 'professional'.
 
-    CCLF IP Section 5.4 "Part A vs Part B Claims" (p.27):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.4 p.27` — Part A vs Part B Claims:
 
       "The Part A claims files will include Medicare provider payments for
       some services covered under both Part A and Part B. To distinguish,
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ def stg_pharmacy_claim(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.3 "Part D Claims Data" (p.10):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.3 p.10` — Part D Claims Data:
 
       "The Part D File (CCLF7) contains prescription drug information at
       the beneficiary level. Data elements include the NDC, quantity
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ def int_pharmacy_claim_adr(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 3.3 "Part D Data Limitations" (p.15):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §3.3 p.15` — Part D Data Limitations:
 
       "The Part D claims contained in the CCLF are 'final action' claims,
       unlike the other claims-related files which are debit/credit claims.
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ def int_pharmacy_claim_adr(
       for any given set of Related Claims the most recent claim and
       delete/ignore all of the previous related claims for that event."
 
-    CCLF IP Section 5.2.4 "Related Claims in the Part D File" (p.23):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §5.2.4 p.23` — Related Claims in the Part D File:
 
       "In the Part D File, you will find original claims, cancellation
       claims, and adjustment claims."
@@ -1057,7 +1057,7 @@ def pharmacy_claim(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.3 "Part D Claims Data" (p.10):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.3 p.10` — Part D Claims Data:
 
     Key field mappings from CCLF7 (IP Table 20):
       - CUR_CLM_UNIQ_ID -> claim_id
@@ -1137,14 +1137,14 @@ def stg_beneficiary_demographics(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.4.1 "Beneficiary Demographics File" (p.10-12):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.4.1 p.10-12` — Beneficiary Demographics File:
 
       "This file contains the beneficiary's current MBI, first/middle/last
       name, ZIP code, date of birth, sex, race, age, Medicare Status Code,
       dual eligibility status, hospice begin/end dates, and date of death
       if a decedent."
 
-    CCLF IP Section 3.1 (p.14):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §3.1 p.14` — Section 3.1:
 
       MBI resolution via CCLF9 applied before deduplication to ensure a
       single row per resolved beneficiary identity.
@@ -1181,7 +1181,7 @@ def eligibility(
 
     CCLF IP Reference
     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-    CCLF IP Section 2.4.1 "Beneficiary Demographics File" (p.10):
+    :pincite:`VTWVB384 §2.4.1 p.10` — Beneficiary Demographics File:
 
     Key field mappings from CCLF8 (IP Table 21):
       - BENE_MBI_ID (resolved) -> person_id, member_id

src/bib/format.py

@@ -1,33 +1,39 @@
-"""Citation formatting for government/regulatory item types.
+"""Citation formatting for bibliography item types.
 
-Hardcoded formatters for the 5 item types — no CSL dependency needed
-since these follow predictable patterns.
+Implements three citation styles:
 
-Supported styles:
+- ``bluebook`` — Bluebook Law Review format (primary style for this project)
+- ``apa`` — APA 7th edition
+- ``jama`` — JAMA style (journal articles only)
 
-- ``apa`` — APA 7th edition (default)
-- ``bluebook`` — Bluebook legal citation (regulations only)
+Follows the CSL field mapping conventions documented in Tierney (2026),
+"Automating Bluebook Citations in Legal Scholarship" (Zotero key QPPJ8LXZ).
 
-Examples::
+Bluebook examples::
 
-    Rule (APA):
-        Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2025).
-        CY 2026 PFS Final Rule. *Federal Register*, *90*, 98452.
+    Rule:
+        Medicare and Medicaid Programs; CY 2026 Payment Policies Under
+        the Physician Fee Schedule, 90 Fed. Reg. 101174 (Dec. 31, 2025).
 
-    Manual (APA):
-        Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (n.d.).
-        *Claims Processing Manual* (Pub. 100-04, Ch. 12).
-
-    Regulation (Bluebook):
+    Regulation:
         42 C.F.R. § 414.22 (2025).
 
-    Download (APA):
-        Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2026).
-        *RVU26A*. https://...
+    Manual:
+        Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs., Claims Processing Manual,
+        CMS Pub. 100-04, Ch. 12 (2025).
 
-    Source (APA):
-        CMS Innovation Center. (2025).
-        *PY 2026 Financial Guarantees...*. https://...
+    Journal article:
+        Porter & Watts, Visual Rulemaking, 91 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1183 (2016).
+
+APA examples::
+
+    Rule:
+        Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2025). CY 2026 PFS
+        Final Rule. *Federal Register*, *90*, 101174. https://...
+
+    Regulation:
+        42 C.F.R. § 414.22 (2025). *Payment for Part B Medical
+        and Other Health Services*. https://ecfr.gov/...
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
@@ -44,6 +50,87 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
         Source,
     )
 
+# ── Month abbreviations (Bluebook Table T12) ─────────────────────────
+
+_MONTHS = {
+    1: "Jan.",
+    2: "Feb.",
+    3: "Mar.",
+    4: "Apr.",
+    5: "May",
+    6: "June",
+    7: "July",
+    8: "Aug.",
+    9: "Sept.",
+    10: "Oct.",
+    11: "Nov.",
+    12: "Dec.",
+}
+
+
+def _parse_date(date_str: str) -> tuple[str, str, str]:
+    """Parse ISO date to (year, month_abbr, day). Returns empty strings for missing parts."""
+    if not date_str or len(date_str) < 4:
+        return ("", "", "")
+    year = date_str[:4]
+    month = ""
+    day = ""
+    if len(date_str) >= 7:
+        try:
+            m = int(date_str[5:7])
+            month = _MONTHS.get(m, "")
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+    if len(date_str) >= 10:
+        try:
+            day = str(int(date_str[8:10]))
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+    return (year, month, day)
+
+
+def _year_or_nd(date_str: str) -> str:
+    """Extract 4-digit year from an ISO date, or 'n.d.'."""
+    year, _, _ = _parse_date(date_str)
+    return year or "n.d."
+
+
+def _bluebook_date(date_str: str) -> str:
+    """Format a date as Bluebook parenthetical: (Month Day, Year) or (Year)."""
+    year, month, day = _parse_date(date_str)
+    if not year:
+        return ""
+    if month and day:
+        return f"{month} {day}, {year}"
+    if month:
+        return f"{month} {year}"
+    return year
+
+
+def _parse_authors(extra: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Extract author last names from the extra field 'Authors: Last First; ...' line."""
+    for line in extra.split("\n"):
+        if line.startswith("Authors: "):
+            raw = line[9:].strip()
+            authors = []
+            for a in raw.split("; "):
+                parts = a.strip().split()
+                if parts:
+                    authors.append(parts[0])
+            return authors
+    return []
+
+
+def _parse_extra_field(extra: str, field: str) -> str:
+    """Extract a named field from the extra text (e.g., 'DOI: 10.xxx')."""
+    for line in extra.split("\n"):
+        if line.startswith(f"{field}: "):
+            return line[len(field) + 2 :].strip()
+    return ""
+
+
+# ── Public API ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
 
 def format_citation(item: Item, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     """Format a single item as a citation string."""
@@ -67,17 +154,40 @@ def format_bibliography(items: list[Item], *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     return "\n".join(lines)
 
 
-# ── Per-type formatters ──────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def _year_or_nd(date_str: str) -> str:
-    """Extract 4-digit year from an ISO date, or 'n.d.'."""
-    if date_str and len(date_str) >= 4:
-        return date_str[:4]
-    return "n.d."
+# ── Rule (Federal Register) ──────────────────────────────────────────
 
 
 def _format_rule(item: Rule, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
+    if style == "bluebook":
+        return _format_rule_bluebook(item)
+    return _format_rule_apa(item)
+
+
+def _format_rule_bluebook(item: Rule) -> str:
+    """Bluebook: Title, Volume Fed. Reg. Page (Date).
+
+    Example: Medicare and Medicaid Programs; CY 2026 Payment Policies
+    Under the Physician Fee Schedule, 90 Fed. Reg. 101174 (Dec. 31, 2025).
+    """
+    parts = []
+    parts.append(f"{item.title},")
+
+    if item.fr_volume and item.fr_page:
+        parts.append(f"{item.fr_volume} Fed. Reg. {item.fr_page}")
+    elif item.fr_volume:
+        parts.append(f"{item.fr_volume} Fed. Reg. ___")
+
+    date = _bluebook_date(item.date_published)
+    if date:
+        parts.append(f"({date}).")
+    else:
+        parts.append(".")
+
+    return " ".join(parts)
+
+
+def _format_rule_apa(item: Rule) -> str:
+    """APA: Institution. (Year). Title. *Federal Register*, *Volume*, Page. URL"""
     year = _year_or_nd(item.date_published)
     parts = [f"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. ({year})."]
     parts.append(f"{item.title}.")
@@ -93,7 +203,37 @@ def _format_rule(item: Rule, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     return " ".join(parts)
 
 
+# ── Manual (CMS IOM) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
 def _format_manual(item: Manual, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
+    if style == "bluebook":
+        return _format_manual_bluebook(item)
+    return _format_manual_apa(item)
+
+
+def _format_manual_bluebook(item: Manual) -> str:
+    """Bluebook: Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs., Manual Name,
+    CMS Pub. Number, Ch. N (Year).
+    """
+    parts = ["Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs.,"]
+
+    name = item.manual_name or item.title
+    parts.append(f"{name},")
+
+    if item.pub_number:
+        parts.append(f"CMS Pub. {item.pub_number},")
+
+    if item.chapter:
+        parts.append(f"Ch. {item.chapter}")
+
+    year = _year_or_nd(item.date_published)
+    parts.append(f"({year}).")
+
+    return " ".join(parts)
+
+
+def _format_manual_apa(item: Manual) -> str:
     year = _year_or_nd(item.date_published)
     institution = item.institution or "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services"
     parts = [f"{institution}. ({year})."]
@@ -114,14 +254,29 @@ def _format_manual(item: Manual, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     return " ".join(parts)
 
 
+# ── Regulation (CFR) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
 def _format_regulation(item: Regulation, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     if style == "bluebook":
+        return _format_regulation_bluebook(item)
+    return _format_regulation_apa(item)
+
+
+def _format_regulation_bluebook(item: Regulation) -> str:
+    """Bluebook: Title C.F.R. § Section (Year).
+
+    Examples:
+        42 C.F.R. § 414.22 (2025).
+        42 C.F.R. pt. 414 (2025).
+    """
     year = _year_or_nd(item.effective_date)
     if item.cfr_section:
         return f"{item.cfr_title} C.F.R. § {item.cfr_section} ({year})."
     return f"{item.cfr_title} C.F.R. pt. {item.cfr_part} ({year})."
 
-    # APA
+
+def _format_regulation_apa(item: Regulation) -> str:
     year = _year_or_nd(item.effective_date)
     parts = []
     if item.cfr_section:
@@ -135,6 +290,9 @@ def _format_regulation(item: Regulation, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     return " ".join(parts)
 
 
+# ── Download (CMS data files) ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
 def _format_download(item: Download, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     year = _year_or_nd(item.date_published)
     website = item.website_title or "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services"
@@ -147,7 +305,93 @@ def _format_download(item: Download, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     return " ".join(parts)
 
 
+# ── Source (generic / journal articles) ───────────────────────────────
+
+
 def _format_source(item: Source, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
+    extra = item.extra or ""
+    doc_type = ""
+    try:
+        doc_type = item.doc_type
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    if doc_type == "journal-article" or _parse_extra_field(extra, "PMID"):
+        if style == "jama":
+            return _format_journal_jama(item)
+        return _format_journal_apa(item)
+
+    return _format_source_generic(item, style=style)
+
+
+def _format_journal_apa(item: Source) -> str:
+    """APA: Author(s). (Year). Title. *Journal*, *Volume*(Issue), Pages. doi:DOI"""
+    extra = item.extra or ""
+    authors = _parse_authors(extra)
+    year = _year_or_nd(item.date_published)
+
+    # Author string
+    if len(authors) >= 3:
+        author_str = f"{authors[0]} et al."
+    elif len(authors) == 2:
+        author_str = f"{authors[0]} & {authors[1]}"
+    elif authors:
+        author_str = authors[0]
+    else:
+        author_str = item.institution or "Unknown"
+
+    parts = [f"{author_str}. ({year})."]
+    parts.append(f"{item.title}.")
+
+    journal = _parse_extra_field(extra, "Journal") or item.institution
+    if journal:
+        parts.append(f"*{journal}*.")
+
+    doi = _parse_extra_field(extra, "DOI")
+    if doi:
+        parts.append(f"https://doi.org/{doi}")
+    elif item.url:
+        parts.append(item.url)
+
+    return " ".join(parts)
+
+
+def _format_journal_jama(item: Source) -> str:
+    """JAMA: Author(s). Title. *Journal*. Year. doi:DOI"""
+    extra = item.extra or ""
+    authors = _parse_authors(extra)
+    year = _year_or_nd(item.date_published)
+
+    if len(authors) >= 3:
+        author_str = f"{authors[0]} et al"
+    elif len(authors) == 2:
+        author_str = f"{authors[0]}, {authors[1]}"
+    elif authors:
+        author_str = authors[0]
+    else:
+        author_str = item.institution or "Unknown"
+
+    parts = [f"{author_str}."]
+    parts.append(f"{item.title}.")
+
+    journal = _parse_extra_field(extra, "Journal") or item.institution
+    if journal:
+        parts.append(f"*{journal}*.")
+
+    parts.append(f"{year}.")
+
+    doi = _parse_extra_field(extra, "DOI")
+    if doi:
+        parts.append(f"doi:{doi}")
+
+    pmid = _parse_extra_field(extra, "PMID")
+    if pmid and not doi:
+        parts.append(f"PMID: {pmid}")
+
+    return " ".join(parts)
+
+
+def _format_source_generic(item: Source, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     year = _year_or_nd(item.date_published)
     institution = item.institution or "Unknown"
     parts = [f"{institution}. ({year})."]
@@ -159,6 +403,9 @@ def _format_source(item: Source, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     return " ".join(parts)
 
 
+# ── Generic fallback ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
 def _format_generic(item: Item, *, style: str = "apa") -> str:
     year = _year_or_nd(item.date_published)
     institution = item.institution or "Unknown"

src/bib/pincite.py

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 # Zotero key charset: 23456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ (no 0, 1, O, L)
 _PINCITE_RE = re.compile(
     r":pincite:`"
-    r"([23456789A-HJ-NP-Z]{8})"  # group 1: item key
+    r"([23456789A-HJ-NP-Z]{8})"  # group 1: item key (strict Zotero charset)
     r"(?:\s+(.+?))?"  # group 2: locator (optional)
     r"`"
     r"(?:\s*(?:--|—)\s*(.+))?"  # group 3: note (optional)

tests/bib/test_format.py

@@ -5,8 +5,27 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from bib.format import format_bibliography, format_citation
 from bib.item import Download, Item, Manual, Regulation, Rule, Source
 
+# ── Rule ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
 
 class TestFormatRule:
+    def test_bluebook_full(self) -> None:
+        r = Rule(
+            title="Medicare and Medicaid Programs; CY 2026 PFS Final Rule",
+            date_published="2025-12-31",
+            fr_volume="90",
+            fr_page="101174",
+        )
+        cite = format_citation(r, style="bluebook")
+        assert "90 Fed. Reg. 101174" in cite
+        assert "(Dec. 31, 2025)" in cite
+        assert cite.endswith(".")
+
+    def test_bluebook_no_page(self) -> None:
+        r = Rule(title="Test Rule", fr_volume="90", date_published="2025-01-01")
+        cite = format_citation(r, style="bluebook")
+        assert "90 Fed. Reg. ___" in cite
+
     def test_apa_with_volume_and_page(self) -> None:
         r = Rule(
             title="CY 2026 PFS Final Rule",
@@ -44,7 +63,25 @@ class TestFormatRule:
         assert "*90*" in cite
 
 
+# ── Manual ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
 class TestFormatManual:
+    def test_bluebook_full(self) -> None:
+        m = Manual(
+            title="Physician Fee Schedule",
+            manual_name="Claims Processing Manual",
+            pub_number="100-04",
+            chapter="12",
+            date_published="2025-01-01",
+        )
+        cite = format_citation(m, style="bluebook")
+        assert "Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs." in cite
+        assert "Claims Processing Manual" in cite
+        assert "CMS Pub. 100-04" in cite
+        assert "Ch. 12" in cite
+        assert "(2025)" in cite
+
     def test_apa_full(self) -> None:
         m = Manual(
             title="Physician Fee Schedule",
@@ -68,15 +105,33 @@ class TestFormatManual:
         assert "https://example.com/manual" in cite
 
     def test_apa_uses_institution(self) -> None:
-        m = Manual(
-            title="Test",
-            institution="Custom Institution",
-        )
+        m = Manual(title="Test", institution="Custom Institution")
         cite = format_citation(m)
         assert "Custom Institution" in cite
 
 
+# ── Regulation ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
 class TestFormatRegulation:
+    def test_bluebook_with_section(self) -> None:
+        r = Regulation(
+            cfr_title="42",
+            cfr_section="414.22",
+            effective_date="2025-01-01",
+        )
+        cite = format_citation(r, style="bluebook")
+        assert cite == "42 C.F.R. § 414.22 (2025)."
+
+    def test_bluebook_part_only(self) -> None:
+        r = Regulation(
+            cfr_title="42",
+            cfr_part="414",
+            effective_date="2025-01-01",
+        )
+        cite = format_citation(r, style="bluebook")
+        assert cite == "42 C.F.R. pt. 414 (2025)."
+
     def test_apa_with_section(self) -> None:
         r = Regulation(
             cfr_title="42",
@@ -97,23 +152,38 @@ class TestFormatRegulation:
         cite = format_citation(r)
         assert "42 C.F.R. pt. 414" in cite
 
-    def test_bluebook_with_section(self) -> None:
+    def test_apa_custom_title(self) -> None:
         r = Regulation(
             cfr_title="42",
-            cfr_section="414.22",
+            cfr_part="414",
+            title="RVU Methodology",
             effective_date="2025-01-01",
         )
-        cite = format_citation(r, style="bluebook")
-        assert "42 C.F.R. § 414.22 (2025)." == cite
+        cite = format_citation(r)
+        assert "*RVU Methodology*" in cite
 
-    def test_bluebook_part_only(self) -> None:
+    def test_apa_default_title_not_printed(self) -> None:
+        r = Regulation(
+            cfr_title="42",
+            cfr_part="414",
+            title="42 CFR Part 414",
+            effective_date="2025-01-01",
+        )
+        cite = format_citation(r)
+        assert "*42 CFR Part 414*" not in cite
+
+    def test_apa_with_url(self) -> None:
         r = Regulation(
             cfr_title="42",
             cfr_part="414",
             effective_date="2025-01-01",
+            url="https://ecfr.gov/title-42/part-414",
         )
-        cite = format_citation(r, style="bluebook")
-        assert "42 C.F.R. pt. 414 (2025)." == cite
+        cite = format_citation(r)
+        assert "https://ecfr.gov/title-42/part-414" in cite
+
+
+# ── Download ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 
 class TestFormatDownload:
@@ -139,8 +209,11 @@ class TestFormatDownload:
         assert "Custom Portal" in cite
 
 
+# ── Source / Journal Articles ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
 class TestFormatSource:
-    def test_apa(self) -> None:
+    def test_apa_generic(self) -> None:
         s = Source(
             title="PY 2026 Financial Guarantees",
             institution="CMS Innovation Center",
@@ -158,39 +231,76 @@ class TestFormatSource:
         assert "Unknown" in cite
 
 
-class TestFormatRegulationExtra:
-    def test_apa_custom_title(self) -> None:
-        """Line 132: regulation with title != default."""
-        r = Regulation(
-            cfr_title="42",
-            cfr_part="414",
-            title="RVU Methodology",  # != "42 CFR Part 414"
-            effective_date="2025-01-01",
-        )
-        cite = format_citation(r)
-        assert "*RVU Methodology*" in cite
+class TestFormatJournalArticle:
+    def _make_article(self, **kwargs) -> Source:
+        defaults = {
+            "title": "Skin substitute outcomes in wound healing",
+            "institution": "Journal of Wound Care",
+            "date_published": "2023-06-15",
+            "doc_type": "journal-article",
+            "extra": (
+                "PMID: 12345678\n"
+                "DOI: 10.1234/jwc.2023.001\n"
+                "Authors: Smith J; Jones K; Brown M\n"
+                "Journal: Journal of Wound Care\n"
+            ),
+        }
+        defaults.update(kwargs)
+        return Source(**defaults)
 
-    def test_apa_default_title_not_printed(self) -> None:
-        """Line 132 branch: title == default → no extra title."""
-        r = Regulation(
-            cfr_title="42",
-            cfr_part="414",
-            title="42 CFR Part 414",
-            effective_date="2025-01-01",
-        )
-        cite = format_citation(r)
-        assert "*42 CFR Part 414*" not in cite
+    def test_apa_three_authors(self) -> None:
+        s = self._make_article()
+        cite = format_citation(s)
+        assert "Smith et al." in cite
+        assert "(2023)" in cite
+        assert "Skin substitute outcomes" in cite
+        assert "*Journal of Wound Care*" in cite
+        assert "https://doi.org/10.1234/jwc.2023.001" in cite
 
-    def test_apa_with_url(self) -> None:
-        """Line 134: regulation with URL."""
-        r = Regulation(
-            cfr_title="42",
-            cfr_part="414",
-            effective_date="2025-01-01",
-            url="https://ecfr.gov/title-42/part-414",
+    def test_apa_two_authors(self) -> None:
+        s = self._make_article(extra="Authors: Smith J; Jones K\nDOI: 10.1/x\n")
+        cite = format_citation(s)
+        assert "Smith & Jones" in cite
+
+    def test_apa_one_author(self) -> None:
+        s = self._make_article(extra="Authors: Smith J\nDOI: 10.1/x\n")
+        cite = format_citation(s)
+        assert "Smith." in cite
+
+    def test_apa_no_doi_uses_url(self) -> None:
+        s = self._make_article(
+            extra="PMID: 123\nAuthors: Smith J\n",
+            url="https://example.com/article",
         )
-        cite = format_citation(r)
-        assert "https://ecfr.gov/title-42/part-414" in cite
+        cite = format_citation(s)
+        assert "https://example.com/article" in cite
+
+    def test_jama_format(self) -> None:
+        s = self._make_article()
+        cite = format_citation(s, style="jama")
+        assert "Smith et al." in cite
+        assert "*Journal of Wound Care*" in cite
+        assert "doi:10.1234/jwc.2023.001" in cite
+
+    def test_jama_pmid_when_no_doi(self) -> None:
+        s = self._make_article(extra="PMID: 99999\nAuthors: Smith J\n")
+        cite = format_citation(s, style="jama")
+        assert "PMID: 99999" in cite
+
+    def test_detected_by_pmid(self) -> None:
+        """Source with PMID in extra but no doc_type should still format as journal."""
+        s = Source(
+            title="Test Article",
+            doc_type="",
+            extra="PMID: 12345\nAuthors: Doe J\nJournal: Test J\n",
+            date_published="2024-01-01",
+        )
+        cite = format_citation(s)
+        assert "Doe." in cite
+        assert "*Test J*" in cite
+
+
+# ── Generic / Bibliography ───────────────────────────────────────────
 
 
 class TestFormatGeneric:
@@ -206,7 +316,6 @@ class TestFormatGeneric:
         assert "*Custom Item*" in cite
 
     def test_generic_with_url(self) -> None:
-        """Line 169: _format_generic with URL."""
         item = Item(
             item_type="custom",
             title="Custom",

tests/bib/test_meta.py

@@ -113,12 +113,15 @@ class TestExtractMetaTags:
         assert extract_meta_tags(fn) == []
 
     def test_real_cclf_function(self):
+        """CCLF functions now use :pincite: directives instead of bare CCLF IP Section refs."""
         from aco.express.cclf import stg_beneficiary_xref
+        from bib.pincite import parse_pincites
 
-        tags = extract_meta_tags(stg_beneficiary_xref)
-        labels = {t.label for t in tags}
-        assert "meta:cclf-ip-s3.1" in labels
-        assert "meta:cclf-ip-s5.1.1" in labels
+        doc = stg_beneficiary_xref.__doc__ or ""
+        pincites = parse_pincites(doc, "aco.express.cclf.stg_beneficiary_xref")
+        assert len(pincites) >= 2
+        keys = {p.item_key for p in pincites}
+        assert "VTWVB384" in keys
 
 
 # ── extract_meta_details ──────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -269,6 +272,7 @@ class TestTagItemsFromPipeline:
 
         store = Store(":memory:")
         item = Source(
+            key="VTWVB384",
             title="CCLF Information Packet",
             tags=["source:cms-cclf-ip", "module:aco"],
         )
@@ -282,12 +286,10 @@ class TestTagItemsFromPipeline:
         tagged = {k: v for k, v in report.items() if v}
         assert len(tagged) > 0
 
-        # Verify the item now has fn: and meta: tags
+        # Verify the item now has fn: tags (meta: tags replaced by :pincite: directives)
         updated = store.get(key)
         fn_tags = [t for t in updated.tags if t.startswith("fn:")]
-        meta_tags = [t for t in updated.tags if t.startswith("meta:")]
         assert len(fn_tags) > 0
-        assert len(meta_tags) > 0
 
 
 # ── generate_docstring_refs ───────────────────────────────────────